The Python script
trump.py
prints the most recent tweets that mention Trump.
Tweepy
is the Python module for Twitter.
Let’s get this module
from the website
PyPI,
the Python Package Index.
This will allow our Python script to say
import
tweepy.
In the Microsoft Windows command prompt window,
you have to say
py.exe -m pip
instead of
pip3.
pip3 list pip3 search tweepy tweepy (3.8.0) - Twitter library for python pip3 install tweepy pip3 list tweepy (3.8.0) pip3 show tweepy Name: tweepy Version: 3.8.0 Summary: Twitter library for python Home-page: http://github.com/tweepy/tweepy Author: Joshua Roesslein Author-email: tweepy@googlegroups.com License: MIT Location: /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/site-packages Requires: requests, six, requests-oauthlib, PySocks cd /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/site-packages ls -ld tweepy* drwxr-xr-x 14 myname mygroup 448 Nov 14 14:31 tweepy drwxr-xr-x 9 myname mygroup 288 Nov 14 14:31 tweepy-3.8.0.dist-info
One of the files we just installed is named
models.py,
as you can see by saying
pip3 show --files tweepy Files: tweepy/models.py etc.
The
tweets
in
line
24
of
trump.py
is an object of class
tweepy.models.SearchResults,
but you can think of it as a
list.
And the reason you can think of it as a
list
is because
line
293
of
models.py
says that an object of class
tweepy.models.SearchResults
can do everything that an object of class
tweepy.models.ResultSet
can do, and
line 10
says that an object of class
tweepy.models.ResultSet
can do everything that an object of class
list
can do.
Each
tweet
in
tweets
in
line
37
of
trump.py
is an object of class
tweepy.models.Status; see lines
83
and
37
of
models.py.
An object of class
models.Status
has instance attributes named
created_at,
author,
retweet_count,
source,
and
text.
The values of these attributes
come from data in JSON format downloaded from twitter.
Go to
https://apps.twitter.com/app/new
and create a Twitter application.
Application Details
Name (at most 32 characters): INFO1-CE9990
Description (at least 10 characters): Python script
Website: doesn’t matter
Callback URL: leave it blank
☑ Yes, I have read and agree to the Twitter Developer Agreement.
Press Create your Twitter application.
Click on the Keys and Access Tokens tab. Copy the Consumer Key (API Key) and the Consumer Secret (API Secret). Farther down the page, copy the Access Token and Access Token Secret.
The BMP consists of the Unicode characters
whose codes range from (hexadecimal) 0000 to FFFF inclusive.
Characters with larger codes, such as
some emojis,
cause the
print
function to say
UnicodeEncodeError: 'UCS-2' codec can't encode characters in position 13-13: Non-BMP character not supported in TkWe therefore replace all larger characters with the Unicode replacement character FFFD (�).
We saw in
Indexing
that a Python
string
is
immutable.
Line
34
therefore changes the
string
into a
list
of characters as we did in
Split.
We then replace the emojis,
and
join
the characters back into a
string.
Created at = 2019-11-14 19:48:39 Author = Cristina Gonzalez Screen name = crisgonz2017 Friends count = 304 Followers count = 386 Retweet count = 3028 Place = None Source = Twitter for iPhone Source URL = http://twitter.com/download/iphone Length = 140 RT @dbongino: BREAKING�: Our first guest, for my new interview series, for The Dan Bongino Show will be President Donald J. Trump. The int… -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Created at = 2019-11-14 19:48:39 Author = Glenda Clark Screen name = meridiangrambo Friends count = 64 Followers count = 28 Retweet count = 0 Place = None Source = Twitter for Android Source URL = http://twitter.com/download/android Length = 21 @TomFitton Trump 2020 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Created at = 2019-11-14 19:48:39 Author = Jaye Martin Screen name = JayeMartin5 Friends count = 170 Followers count = 543 Retweet count = 330 Place = None Source = Twitter for iPhone Source URL = http://twitter.com/download/iphone Length = 139 RT @mitchellvii: Obama added 10 million to food stamps. 6 million have quit food stamps since Trump became President. How is this Obama's… --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
created_at
instance attribute is a
datetime.datetime
object in UTC.
See
lines
95–96
of
models.py
and the function
parse_datetime
in
lines
11–12
of
utils.py.
To change
created_at
to our local time
(currently Standard Daylight Time, five hours behind UTC),
change
line
38
of
trump.py
from
print(f"Created at = {tweet.created_at}")
Created at = 2019-11-14 20:30:47to the following. The
replace
tells
created_at
that
created_at
is a UTC time.
The
astimezone
converts
created_at
from UTC to our local time zone.
import datetime
created_at = tweet.created_at.replace(tzinfo = datetime.timezone.utc)
created_at = created_at.astimezone()
print(f"Created at = {created_at}")
Created at = 2019-11-14 15:30:47-05:00To get a space before the
-0500
offset,
created_at = tweet.created_at.replace(tzinfo = datetime.timezone.utc)
created_at = created_at.astimezone()
print(f'Created at = {created_at.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %z")}')
Created at = 2019-11-14 15:28:55 -05:00
""" This module is tweet.py. This module creates class tweet.range, an iterable for looping through the most recent tweets whose text mentions a subject. It automatically removes unprintable characters from each text. """ import tweepy class range(object): """ An iterable for looping through the count most recent tweets whose text mentions a subject. """ #Class attributes: consumer_key = "" consumer_secret = "" access_token = "" access_token_secret = "" def __init__(self, s, count = 3): if not isinstance(s, str): raise TypeError(f"s must be of type str, not {type(s)}") if s == "": raise ValueError(f"s can't be empty.") if not isinstance(count, int): raise TypeError(f"count must be of type int, not {type(count)}") if count < 1: raise ValueError(f"count must be positive, not {count}") self.s = s self.count = count def __iter__(self): authenticationHandler = tweepy.OAuthHandler(range.consumer_key, range.consumer_secret) authenticationHandler.set_access_token(range.access_token, range.access_token_secret) api = tweepy.API(auth_handler = authenticationHandler) tweets = api.search(self.s, count = self.count) #tweets is iterable. it = iter(tweets) return Iterator(it) class Iterator(object): def __init__(self, it): self.it = it def __iter__(self): return self def __next__(self): t = next(self.it) t.author.name = Iterator.replaceEmojis(t.author.name) t.text = Iterator.replaceEmojis(t.text) return t @staticmethod def replaceEmojis(s): """ Return the argument string with each of its emojis (i.e., any character that does not belong to the BMP) replaced by the Unicode replacement character. """ listOfCharacters = ["\uFFFD" if ord(c) >= 0x10000 else c for c in s] return "".join(listOfCharacters) #Change the list back into a string. if __name__ == "__main__": import sys for t in range("Trump", count = 3): print(f"Created at = {t.created_at}") print(f"Author = {t.author.name}") print(t.text) print(80 * "-") sys.exit(0)
""" This file is importer.py. It imports and demonstrates the module tweepy.py. """ import sys import tweet #I wrote this module. for t in tweet.range("Trump", count = 3): print(f"Created at = {t.created_at}") print(f"Author = {t.author.name}") print(t.text) print(80 * "-") print() print(80 * "=") print() for t in tweet.range("de Blasio", count = 2): print(f"Created at = {t.created_at}") print(f"Author = {t.author.name}") print(t.text) print(80 * "-") sys.exit(0)
Created at = 2019-11-19 13:56:54 Author = Jeff Santos Show RT @RevDrBarber: If Dems think they can beat Trump by being pragmatic & scared rather than visionary, revolutionary & bold, they better rem… -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Created at = 2019-11-19 13:56:54 Author = Pam H8s Censorship � RT @gbroh10: COULD IT BE THAT TRUMP HAS BEEN SETTING UP THE LEFT ALL ALONG? @AmericanThinker #LockThemAllUpInGITMO "It is beginning to… -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Created at = 2019-11-19 13:56:54 Author = Fleur Bleue RT @PeteButtigieg: There will come a day when Donald Trump is no longer in office. I am running to be the president who can stand on the r… -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ================================================================================ Created at = 2019-11-19 13:56:06 Author = Trump 30330 RT @yogagenie: De Blasio says Bloomberg should apologize for more than stop-and-frisk https://t.co/qFHVzpfJq9 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Created at = 2019-11-19 13:55:59 Author = Liberty RT @JamesEHiggins: NYC parents plead with Comrade @BilldeBlasio (D-NY) to spare Gifted and Talented classes -- one of the few NYC programs… --------------------------------------------------------------------------------