#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std;

template <class T>
class wrapper {
	T t;
public:
	wrapper(const T& initial_t = T()): t(initial_t) {}

	template <int BASE, int WIDTH, class U>
	friend void outside(const U& u);

	template <int BASE, int WIDTH>
	friend void inside(const T& t1) {
		cout << setbase(BASE) << setw(WIDTH)
			<< wrapper<T>(t1).t << "\n";
	}
};

template <int BASE, int WIDTH, class U>
inline void outside(const U& u) {
	cout << setbase(BASE) << setw(WIDTH) << wrapper<U>(u).t << "\n";
}

template class wrapper<double>;  //explicit instantiation

int main()
{
	outside<16, 2>(10);    //The 10 changes U to int.
	inside<10, 2>(10);
	outside<16, 2>(10u);   //The 10u changes U to unsigned.
	inside<10, 2>(10u);
	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}